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The lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) community in San Francisco is one of the largest and most prominent LGBT communities in the world, and is one of the most important in the history of LGBT rights and activism. The city itself has, among its many nicknames, the nickname "gay capital of the world", and has been described as "the original 'gay-friendly city'".〔Kompes, Gregory A. ''50 Fabulous Gay-Friendly Places to Live''. Career Press. ISBN 1564148270, 9781564148278. p. (66 ).〕 LGBT culture is also active within companies that are based in Silicon Valley, which is located within the San Francisco Bay Area.〔Haber, Matt. "(Technology’s Rainbow Connection )." ''The New York Times''. July 20, 2014. Retrieved on September 6, 2014. Print: New York Edition, p. ST1, "Technology’s Rainbow Connection"〕 ==History== Michael Stabile of ''Out'' stated that the first "notorious" gay bar in San Francisco was the The Dash, which opened in 1908.〔"(12 Bars That Made San Francisco Gay, In Chronological Order )" ((Archive )). ''Out''. September 20, 2013. Retrieved on September 6, 2014.〕 The San Francisco LGBT community first fully formed in the 1920s and 1930s.〔Sibalis, Michael. "(Urban Space and Homosexuality: The Example of the Marais, Paris' 'Gay Ghetto' )" (Wilfrid Laurier University). ''Urban Studies''. August 2004 vol. 41 no. 9 p. 1739-1758. DOI (10.1080/0042098042000243138 ). CITED: p. 1739.〕 The most prominent LGBT area then was North Beach.〔 Todd J. Ormsbee, an American studies professor at San Jose State University who wrote ''The Meaning of Gay: Interaction, Publicity, and Community among Homosexual Men in 1960s San Francisco'', stated that a "somewhat more open gay male culture" appeared in San Francisco due to the city's "relative safety" compared to other American cities and due to a "permissiveness" in the city's culture.〔Ormsbee, p. (306 ).〕 The Daughters of Bilitis (DOB) was founded in San Francisco in 1955 by four lesbian couples (including Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon) and was the first national lesbian political and social organization in the United States.〔(>> social sciences >> Daughters of Bilitis ). glbtq (2005-10-20). Retrieved on 2010-11-30.〕 The Mattachine Society moved its headquarters from Los Angeles to San Francisco in the 1950s.〔 San Francisco became linked with the LGBT community in the media as a result of a June 1964 ''Life'' article, "Gay San Francisco," which stated that San Francisco was the "gay capital of America."〔Ormsbee, p. (307 ).〕 In 1966, one of the first recorded transgender riots in US history took place. The Compton's Cafeteria Riot occurred in the Tenderloin district of San Francisco. The night after the riot, more transgender people, hustlers, Tenderloin street people, and other members of the LGBT community joined in a picket of the cafeteria, which would not allow transgender people back in. The demonstration ended with the newly installed plate-glass windows being smashed again. According to the online encyclopedia glbtq.com, "In the aftermath of the riot at Compton's, a network of transgender social, psychological, and medical support services was established, which culminated in 1968 with the creation of the National Transsexual Counseling Unit (), the first such peer-run support and advocacy organization in the world". One of the earliest organizations for bisexuals, the Sexual Freedom League in San Francisco, was facilitated by Margo Rila and Frank Esposito beginning in 1967.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=TIMELINE: THE BISEXUAL HEALTH MOVEMENT IN THE US )〕 Two years later, during a staff meeting at a San Francisco mental health facility serving LGBT people, nurse Maggi Rubenstein came out as bisexual. Due to this, bisexuals began to be included in the facility's programs for the first time.〔 In 1976 Maggi Rubenstein and Harriet Levi founded the San Francisco Bisexual Center.〔 It was the longest surviving bisexual community center, offering counseling and support services to Bay Area bisexuals, as well as publishing a newsletter, ''The Bi Monthly'', from 1976 to 1984.〔 The number of San Francisco gay bars increased in the 1960s.〔 The first gay bar to have clear windows was Twin Peaks Tavern, which removed its blacked-out windows in 1972.〔 In 1970 gay activist groups on the West Coast of the United States held a march and 'Gay-in' in San Francisco.〔"The San Francisco Chronicle", June 29, 1970〕〔"As of early 1970, Neil Briggs became the vice-chairman of the LGBTQ Association", CanPress, February 28, 1970. ()〕 The Alice B. Toklas Memorial Democratic Club, a centrist LGBT Democratic Party organization, was founded around 1971.〔"(About )" ((Archive )). Alice B. Toklas Memorial Democratic Club. Retrieved on September 7, 2014.〕〔 In November 1977 Harvey Milk was elected as the first openly gay politician in the city of San Francisco; he became a member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors.〔"(Harvey Milk )." ''The New York Times''. Retrieved on September 7, 2014.〕 Anne Kronenberg, who was openly lesbian, was Milk's campaign manager during his San Francisco Board of Supervisors campaign, and later worked as his aide while he held that office.〔(The Lesbian in "Milk": Alison Pill as Anne Kronenberg | Movie Reviews, Celebrity Interviews & Film News About & For Gay, Lesbian & Bisexual Women ). AfterEllen.com (2008-11-24). Retrieved on 2010-11-30.〕 In 1978, lesbian Sally Miller Gearhart fought alongside Milk to defeat Proposition 6 (also known as the "Briggs Initiative" because it was sponsored by John Briggs), which would have banned gays and lesbians from teaching in public schools in California.〔(The Resurrection of Harvey Milk | People ). The Advocate. Retrieved on 2010-11-30.〕 Milk was murdered on November 27, 1978 in the Moscone–Milk assassinations.〔Hetter, Katia. "(Will San Francisco name airport after slain gay icon Harvey Milk? )" ((Archive )). ''CNN''. January 15, 2013. Retrieved on September 2, 2014.〕 Riots occurred after the perpetrator, Dan White, received a manslaughter conviction.〔 The Harvey Milk LGBT Democratic Club was founded as the San Francisco Gay Democratic Club in 1976 and received its current name in 1978.〔"(About Harvey Milk LGBT Democratic Club )" ((Archive )). Harvey Milk LGBT Democratic Club. Retrieved on September 7, 2014.〕 Gilbert Baker raised the first LGBT Pride flag at San Francisco Pride on June 25, 1978. The Castro's gayborhood identity began in the 1960s and 1970s as LGBT people began moving to the community.〔"(San Francisco : The Castro )" ((Archive )). ''San Francisco Chronicle''. Retrieved on September 6, 2014.〕 In the early 1980s,〔"(‘We Were Here’ Revisits San Francisco’s AIDS Epidemic of Early ’80s )" ((Archive )). PBS Newshour. June 14, 2012. Retrieved on September 7, 2014.〕 AIDS began affecting the male LGBT population of San Francisco, with the disease continuing to have a fatal effect through the 1990s. 15,548 people in San Francisco had died due to AIDS prior to the introduction of drugs that treated AIDS,〔"('We Were Here' documents AIDS crisis in the 1980s )." ''Los Angeles Times''. September 16, 2011. Retrieved on September 7, 2014.〕 and a total of almost 20,000 people died within 15 years of the start of the AIDS crisis. The victims had obituaries in San Francisco-area LGBT newspapers.〔 Randy Shilts, who himself later died of AIDS, was one of the foremost reporters of the AIDS epidemic. He was hired as a national correspondent by the ''San Francisco Chronicle'' in 1981, becoming the first openly gay reporter with a gay "beat" in the American mainstream press.〔(Randy Shilts at Queer Theory ) Retrieved on 2007-01-03〕 In 1984, bisexual activist David Lourea finally persuaded the San Francisco Department of Public Health to recognize bisexual men in their official AIDS statistics (the weekly “New AIDS cases and mortality statistics” report), after two years of campaigning.〔 Health departments throughout the United States began to recognize bisexual men because of this, whereas before they had mostly only recognized gay men.〔 The documentary "We Were Here" covers the 1980s-1990s AIDS crisis in San Francisco. Made by David Weissman, the film opened in Los Angeles and received a screening at the Castro Theatre.〔 The Gay Games were held in San Francisco in 1982 and 1986. In 1983, BiPOL, the first and oldest bisexual political organization, was founded in San Francisco by bisexual activists Autumn Courtney, Lani Ka'ahumanu, Arlene Krantz, David Lourea, Bill Mack, Alan Rockway, and Maggi Rubenstein.〔 In 1984, BiPOL sponsored the first bisexual rights rally, outside the Democratic National Convention in San Francisco.〔 The rally featured nine speakers from civil rights groups allied with the bisexual movement.〔 In 1987, the Bay Area Bisexual Network, the oldest and largest bisexual group in the San Francisco Bay Area, was founded by Lani Ka'ahumanu, Ann Justi and Maggi Rubenstein. The oldest national bisexuality organization in the United States, BiNet USA, was founded in 1990.〔 It was originally called the North American Multicultural Bisexual Network (NAMBN), and had its first meeting at the first National Bisexual Conference in America.〔 This first conference was held in San Francisco, and sponsored by BiPOL.〔 Over 450 people attended from 20 states and 5 countries, and the mayor of San Francisco sent a proclamation "commending the bisexual rights community for its leadership in the cause of social justice," and declaring June 23, 1990 Bisexual Pride Day.〔 Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon became the first same-sex couple to be legally married in the United States in 2004,〔 〕 when San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom allowed city hall to grant marriage licenses to same-sex couples. However, all same-sex marriages done in 2004 in California were annulled. After the California Supreme Court decision in 2008 that granted same-sex couples in California the right to marry, Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon remarried, and were again the first same-sex couple in the state to marry. Later in 2008 Proposition 8 illegalized same-sex marriage in California until 2013, but the marriages that occurred between the California Supreme Court decision legalizing same-sex marriage and the approval of Proposition 8 illegalizing it are still considered valid, including the marriage of Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon.〔(California's top court upholds Prop. 8 ban on same-sex marriage ). CSMonitor.com (2009-05-27). Retrieved on 2010-11-30.〕 However, Del Martin died in 2008. In 2004 the San Francisco Trans March was first held. It has been held annually since; it is San Francisco's largest transgender Pride event and one of the largest trans events in the entire world.〔 In 2007 Theresa Sparks was elected president of the San Francisco Police Commission by a single vote, making her the first openly transgender person ever to be elected president of any San Francisco commission, as well as San Francisco's highest ranking openly transgender official.〔Selna, Robert; Sward, Susan; Vega, Cecilia M. (Renne Quits Police Commission ), San Francisco Chronicle (May 11, 2007), pp. B-9. Retrieved on May 13, 2007.〕〔(SF Police Commission Makes History ), KCBS (May 10, 2007). Retrieved on May 13, 2007. 〕〔McMillan, Dennis. (Sparks Is First Trans Person to Lead Major Commission ) San Francisco Bay Times (May 17, 2007). Retrieved on October 15, 2007.〕 In 2011, San Francisco’s Human Rights Commission released a report on bisexual visibility, titled "(Bisexual Invisibility: Impacts and Regulations )"; this was the first time any governmental body released such a report. In 2013 San Francisco Board of Supervisors member David Campos started a campaign to have San Francisco International Airport renamed for Harvey Milk.〔 Pete Kane of the ''SF Weekly'' stated in 2014 that assimilation into mainstream society, "displacement due to the explosive cost of living, and atomization in the face of handheld sex" are all trends that have the potential to diminish the "LGBT community" and that these trends are "felt most acutely" in San Francisco.〔Kane, Pete. "Queer Flight: Does the Success of Gay Rights Mean the End of Gay Culture?" ''SF Weekly''. Wednesday June 4, 2014. p. (1 ) ((Archive )). Retrieved on September 7, 2014.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「LGBT culture in San Francisco」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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